![]() ![]() Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research professional development and education. We conclude that prey not only provide food to midge larvae, but also protection against natural enemies. ![]() Large lacewing larvae tend to dislodge aphids from their feeding sites, thereby eliminating the dilution effect. However, the effectiveness of such a mechanism is determined by the level of disturbance caused by foraging intraguild predators. Within the aphid colony the midge benefits from a dilution effect which reduces the incidence of predation by lacewing larvae. We found that a foraging midge displays furtive hunting behavior which triggers little defensive reaction by aphids, and does not stimulate significant disturbance of the gregarious prey. aphidimyza by the lacewing Chrysoperla rufilabris. We examined the defensive behaviors of aphids in response to foraging midges, and investigated the effect of aphid density on the predation risk of A. We hypothesized that midge larvae profit from a dilution effect produced by aphids which enhances their chances of survival. The solitary midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, preys specifically on aphids and spends its entire larval development within a prey colony where it is susceptible to intraguild predation. ![]() Many animals live in temporary or permanent groups, either as gregarious or social species, to reduce predation risk. ![]()
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